A single international flight payment can involve several separate costs. They're easy to lump together, but they aren't the same thing.
Credit card foreign transaction fees. A flat percentage your card issuer adds for processing a purchase abroad.
Currency conversion or exchange-rate markup. When a currency is converted, the rate used is rarely the exact mid-market rate you'd see on a currency converter. Card networks and banks typically apply their own rate, which can include a built-in margin.
Dynamic currency conversion (DCC). This is a different mechanism. It's offered at the point of sale, letting you pay in US dollars instead of the local currency. It sounds convenient. The catch is that the merchant, not your card network, sets the conversion rate, and that rate often runs higher than what your card issuer would have used.
Cross-border processing fees. Some card networks apply a small additional fee, separate from the issuer's foreign transaction fee, simply because the transaction crossed a border.
Airline or booking-platform service charges. These aren't currency-related at all. They're separate fees some airlines or third-party sites add for card payments, phone bookings, or other services.
Some of these appear as a clear line item. Others are folded into the exchange rate itself, which is exactly what makes them easy to miss.